Mission

The General Education Program (GE) is the core of a University of the Pacific undergraduate education. The GE program cultivates habits of intellectual inquiry grounded in the liberal arts tradition and enriches a specialized field of study with an understanding of its scientific, humanistic, and artistic contexts. General education courses allow undergraduate students to collaborate across diverse intellectual and disciplinary boundaries and to develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to succeed in a diverse, complex, and constantly changing world.

Student Learning Outcomes

The general education program helps students become:

• Critical and integrative thinkers: Students should be able to synthesize and transfer learning to new, complex situations within and beyond the Pacific community.
• Creative problem solvers: Students should demonstrate an understanding of what it takes to move from ambiguous goals with incomplete information to design, evaluate, and implement strategies to achieve their desired goals.
• Effective communicators: Students should be able to write, speak, and present their ideas and conclusions through a variety of mediums to diverse audiences.
• Globally aware and ethically engaged citizens: Students should be able to articulate their own cultural understandings and how they differ from others, adapt empathically and ethically to unfamiliar ways of being, and participate in society in ways that are personally enriching and socially beneficial to their communities.

Coursework

The course of study described below is required for all students completing a bachelor’s degree from the University. Students must complete two CORE seminars and a breadth program consisting of seven categories as well as diversity and inclusion coursework. Students must also satisfy the fundamental skills requirements in writing and quantitative analysis.

The CORE Seminars

The Pacific General Education CORE courses introduce and develop transferable skills in critical thinking, problem solving, and oral and written communication that are crucial for personal, academic, and professional success.

CORE 001: Problem Solving and Oral Communication

(3 seminar units)

CORE 001 introduces students to the demands of interdisciplinary, university-level inquiry. In CORE 001, students begin to acquire the skills necessary to become self-motivated learners who can work independently and collaboratively to solve complex problems. Such grounding will help students develop the agency and flexibility necessary to navigate a rapidly changing political, social, and economic environment.

Topics vary in CORE 001, but all sections introduce students to critical thinking, information literacy, problem solving and oral communication rather than a mandated series of readings or writing assignments. CORE 001 is taught by faculty who are committed to supporting students in their transition to university-level critical inquiry. CORE 001 sections frequently incorporate field trips, guest speakers, collaborative research, multimedia projects and active engagement in class activities.

Students entering Pacific as first-year students must pass CORE 001 and CORE 002. The CORE seminars cannot be repeated if students earn a “D” or higher and the courses must be taken for a letter grade.

CORE 002: Writing and Critical Thinking

(4 seminar units)

Students will develop the writing and critical thinking skills necessary for college-level academic writing and careful reasoning. Individual course sections will be thematic in nature and will vary to allow for focused exploration of complex issues and contexts though the active and engaged close reading of literary and other texts. Students will develop their reading and reasoning skills through seminar-style classroom discussion and receive writing instruction to help them develop prose that is clear, concise, nuanced, and persuasive.

Students entering Pacific as first-year students must pass CORE 001 and CORE 002.  The CORE seminars cannot be repeated if students earn a “D” or higher and the courses must be taken for a letter grade.

Co-requisites: (1) Completion of writing fundamental skills requirement OR concurrent enrollment in WRIT 010 and (2) freshman or sophomore class standing.

CORE Seminar Exemption Policy

All students who enter the University as first-year students must complete CORE 001 and CORE 002. All such students are required to take CORE 001 in their first year and should complete CORE 002 by the end of their first year.

Students who enter Pacific having completed 28 or more units of transferable, classroom college work after receiving their high school diploma are exempt from taking CORE 001 and CORE 002.

Students are not allowed to drop CORE 001 or CORE 002 for any reason, even if they plan to transfer to another college or university.

Students who place into WRIT 010 must take it before, or at the same time as taking CORE 002.

Students must pass CORE 001 and CORE 002 in order to graduate.  The Core Seminars cannot be repeated if students earn a “D” or higher and they must be taken for a letter grade.

CORE and Pacific Seminar Equivalencies

The CORE seminars have replaced the first two Pacific Seminars (PACS) from prior years.  For articulation purposes, CORE 001 can substitute for PACS 002 and vice versa.  Also, CORE 002 can substitute for PACS 001 and vice versa.

PACS 003 Policy for Students Who Entered Pacific AY2020-21 or Earlier

Students who entered Pacific in AY2020-21 or earlier may substitute a second course in either GE-2A (Language and Literature) or GE-2B (Worldviews and Ethics) OR an approved ethics course in lieu of PACS 003. The Director of General Education must approve the substitution of any ethics course not in the general education program.

The Breadth Program (Areas of Inquiry)

(7 Categories, 3-5 Units Each)

The General Education Program beyond the CORE Seminars provides students with considerable choice but within a framework that ensures they gain essential knowledge and skills. With the help of their advisors, students choose Areas of Inquiry courses that interest them or that relate to other courses in their planned course of study.

Students can take a maximum of two courses from a single department (as defined by subject code, e.g., HIST or ENGL or MPER) to satisfy the breadth requirement, with the exception of one-unit or two-unit courses. Students taking a series of one-unit or two-unit courses must take a total of at least three units in the same Area of Inquiry to meet the requirement. Courses in the breadth program component of the general education program normally have a value of three to five units.

Independent study courses cannot be used to satisfy general education requirements. Catalog year determines degree requirements; general education courses and transfer course articulations are subject to change. It is the responsibility of the student to be informed of any general education or transfer course articulation changes.

The Areas of Inquiry are: Artistic Process & Creation, Civic & Global Responsibility, Language & Narratives, Quantitative Reasoning, Scientific Inquiry, Social Inquiry, and World Perspectives & Ethics.

In addition, students will take at least one Diversity & Inclusion course. This course may also count in one of the Areas of Inquiry categories.

1. Artistic Process & Creation courses give students an understanding of the creative arts through practice, performance, or analysis, providing students with opportunities to develop their own creative voice through creation and/or performance and to communicate ideas and information through art. In this context, the creative arts are defined as including traditional visual arts, digital media, performing arts, and creative writing.
2. Civic & Global Responsibility courses guide students through analysis of the social and political considerations necessary for making a difference in the civic life of their communities or in the larger global community. Students completing this requirement will demonstrate an understanding of the need and avenues for civic engagement, an ability to engage respectfully with others with diverse perspectives, and an ability to reflect on their own role as a citizen.
3. Language & Narratives courses help students understand structures of communication through literary or rhetorical analysis and/or language study, which may include digital communication.
4. Quantitative Reasoning courses enable students to analyze and interpret information using quantitative methods.
5. Scientific Inquiry courses foster student understanding of the concepts and methodologies of a scientific discipline. Students will gain practice in critical and integrative thinking through prediction and experimentation in a laboratory or field environment.
6. Social Inquiry courses promote the understanding of social structures and human relationships. Students will be introduced to creative problem solving from available information and will demonstrate an ability to find and evaluate information from a variety of sources.
7. World Perspectives & Ethics courses guide students to learn about value systems, ways of being, and ways of understanding the world from multiple, international perspectives, and to reflect on their own worldview.

The titles of the courses themselves are listed by category later in this section.

Students can satisfy GE requirements with a 4 or higher for Advanced Placement and a 5 or higher for Higher Level International Baccalaureate exams. A maximum of 28 units total from Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, DANTES and/or CLEP test results may be applied toward a Pacific degree, including General Education breadth areas.

Diversity & Inclusion Requirement

The Diversity & Inclusion course requirement serves as a key curricular component of the University of the Pacific’s commitment to diversity and inclusive excellence. The diversity and inclusion requirement contributes to students’ intercultural competencies and to an understanding of the complex connections among domestic diversity, globalism, and democracy. Diversity & Inclusion courses may appear in any of the above Areas of Inquiry, may meet major or minor requirements, or may stand alone. Diversity & Inclusion courses will help students to articulate, in both written and oral forms, how notions of difference work within frameworks of social hierarchy.  (Difference may be defined by such notions as age, class, citizenship, disability, ethnicity, gender identity, language, nationality, race, religion, sexual orientation, and/or socioeconomic status.)

The University of the Pacific requires that all students who earn a bachelor’s degree must successfully complete at least 3 units of officially designated diversity and inclusion coursework. While this is usually met by one course, 1-and 2-unit courses may be combined to meet the diversity requirement.

This requirement is applicable to all students who have enrolled at Pacific on or after fall 2010.

Transfer Courses

The University diversity requirement can be met entirely, or in part, by the successful completion of an approved course at Pacific or at an approved college and university. Students who wish to meet this requirement by taking a course at a different college or university must first complete a Transfer Course Approval Request form, available at the Office of the Registrar in Knoles Hall or online at https://my.pacific.edu/pages/registrar-forms-for-students.

Students who wish to petition for a transfer course to meet the diversity requirement may contact the Director of General Education.

Fundamental Skills

As part of the General Education Program, all students are required to be competent in two fundamental skills at entrance: writing and quantitative analysis. Students may demonstrate competence in these skills in one of three ways:

1. Completion of approved, college-level courses at an accredited college or university;
2. Satisfactory performance on an approved, nationally administered examination; or
3. Satisfactory performance on examinations administered through Pacific.

Students can meet these fundamental skills by taking course work to improve their skills as follows:

• Students who do not meet fundamental writing skills though one of the above must pass WRIT 010 with at least a C- to fulfill the writing requirement.
• To show competency in quantitative analysis (math), students must successfully complete MATH 005 (Intermediate Algebra), MATH 005E (Intermediate College Algebra and Lab), MATH 035 (Statistics) with a grade of C- or better, or complete an equivalent course from another accredited college or university with a grade of C or better during the first full year of study including summer sessions.
• Successful completion of coursework in quantitative analysis and writing at Pacific requires a grade of C- or better. Coursework taken in quantitative analysis or writing at another college or university requires a grade of C or better and must be approved in advance via a Transfer Course Approval form.
• Failure to make progress toward fulfilling Pacific’s fundamental skills requirements during the first year of study at Pacific is grounds for being placed on academic probation. Failure to satisfy the fundamental skills requirements (as summarized in the three points above) by the end of four semesters of full-time study at the University is grounds for academic disqualification.
• Students with documented disabilities that directly affect their mastery of these skills or students concurrently enrolled in an approved English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) Program of instruction in reading and writing may seek a written extension of the deadline for demonstrating competence.
• The quantitative analysis (math) and writing requirements must be met before a student graduates with a bachelor’s degree or a first professional degree.

Requirements for Transfer Students

CORE Seminar Requirements

Transfer students who have completed 28 or more units of transferable, classroom college work after receiving their high school diploma are exempt from CORE 001 and CORE 002.

Individual schools and colleges may impose general education graduation requirements, including skills requirements, beyond the University’s general education program.

Breadth Program Requirements

Transfer students with documented completion of a general education program from an accredited institution of higher education (e.g., the IGETC or CSU Breadth General Education Certification) prior to enrolling at Pacific satisfy Pacific's General Education Breadth program. Students who have not completed a general education program will have their courses articulated for general education credit on a course-by-course basis.

Transfer students matriculating with a seven-course pattern IGETC will need to complete a maximum of two additional courses (in lieu of CORE 001 and CORE 002) in any Area of Inquiry; and if not covered through an articulated course, one of those additional courses must satisfy the Diversity and Inclusion requirement.

Transfer students who have not completed either the seven-course IGETC or a complete general education program at an accredited institution are required to satisfy all Areas of Inquiry. Transfer students with multiple courses articulated into one Area of Inquiry may substitute one of those courses to satisfy another Area of Inquiry. A maximum of one substitution of this type is allowed and must be approved by the Director of General Education, upon referral from the student’s advisor.

Diversity & Inclusion Requirement

Transfer students are required to meet the Diversity and Inclusion Requirement and may do so using transfer coursework or coursework at Pacific.

Fundamental Skills Requirements

Fundamental skills requirements for transfer students include writing and quantitative analysis (math). Students may demonstrate competence in these skills in one of three ways:

1. Completion of approved, college-level courses at an accredited college or university;
2. Satisfactory performance on an approved, nationally administered examination; or
3. Satisfactory performance on examinations administered through Pacific. Placement tests taken by transfer students at their previous institution do not replace Pacific’s assessments.

Requirements for Readmitted Students

Students who originally enter Pacific as freshmen are required to complete CORE 001 and CORE 002, even if the student chooses to leave Pacific and applies for readmission at a later date. A student is held to the rules based on their original admission regardless of readmission at a later point in time. A freshman who leaves the university and applies for readmission later is not then treated as a transfer student, regardless of how many units the student is able to transfer to Pacific as part of their readmission. Students who withdraw from Pacific and complete a general education program from an accredited institution of higher education (e.g., the IGETC or CSU Breadth General Education Certification) will be exempt from CORE 001 and CORE 002.

Requirements for Post Baccalaureate Students

Students who completed a Bachelor’s degree elsewhere and who are seeking an additional Bachelor’s degree at Pacific do not need to complete CORE 001 or CORE 002 to satisfy the GE and Fundamental Skills requirements.

Students who completed a Bachelor’s degree elsewhere and who are seeking an additional Bachelor’s degree at Pacific are exempt from the Diversity and Inclusion Requirement.

Breadth Course List for General Education

The courses listed below are approved as counting toward the breadth program requirement in each of the seven Areas of Inquiry categories. Students who wish to satisfy any category with a series of one-unit or two-unit courses must complete at least three units in the same Area of Inquiry to satisfy the category requirement (e.g., three, one-unit performance courses can satisfy the Artistic Process and Creation requirement). Although not always listed here, some “special topics’’ courses taught during a particular term may also be approved for general education.

The listing of general education courses being taught during a particular term can be found using the search for class by attribute function in the schedule of classes. 

Some professional schools on campus have more restrictive requirements under which only some of the courses listed in each area count for students pursuing those professional programs.

Catalog year determines degree requirements; however, GE courses and transfer course articulations are subject to change. It is the responsibility of the student to be informed of any GE or transfer course articulation changes.

Artistic Process & Creation
ARTS 003	Visual Arts Exploration	4
ARTS 005	Drawing	4
ARTS 007	Principles of 2-D Design and Color	4
ARTS 009	Principles of 3-D Design	4
ARTS 011	Digital Photography	4
ARTS 023	Painting I	4
ARTS 035	Introduction to Ceramics	4
ARTS 037	Sculpture	4
ARTS 075	Introduction to Graphic Design	4
ASIA 120	Asian Cinemas	4
EDUC 142	Visual Arts in Education	3
ENGL 031	Aesthetics of Film	4
ENGL 107	Creative Writing: Nonfiction	4
ENGL 112	Playwriting	3
ENGL 115	Screenwriting	4
ENGL 121	Major Filmmakers	4
ENGL 123	Film, Literature, and the Arts	4
ENGR 040	Engineering Design thinking	3
FREN 120	Le Cinema Francais/French Cinema in English	4
HIST 119	History Goes to Hollywood	4
MCOM 002	Music Fundamentals	3
MEDX 117	Film Production	4
MHIS 005	Music Appreciation	3
MHIS 007	Topics in American Popular Music	3
MMGT 011	Introduction to Music Business	3
MPER 066	Jazz Ensemble	1
MPER 070	University Symphony Orchestra	1
MPER 072	Symphonic Wind Ensemble	1
MPER 073	Concert Band	1
MPER 083	University Chorus	1
MPER 084	Pacific Singers	1
MUJZ 008	Introduction to Jazz	3
SPAN 114	Latin American Women's Film	4
THEA 011	Introduction to the Theatre	4
THEA 071	Fundamentals of Acting	3
Civic & Global Responsibility
BIOL 035	Environment: Concepts and Issues	4
BUSI 053	The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business	4
COMM 045	Communication & Health	3
ECON 051	Economic Principles and Problems	3
ECON 055	Introductory Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy	4
EDUC 096A & EDUC 096B	Service-Learning and Civic Action Part A and Service-Learning and Civic Action Part B	4
ENGL 126	Environmental Health and Literature	4
GEND 011	Introduction to Gender Studies	4
GESC 044	Introduction to Sustainability	4
HHUM 051	Introduction to Health & Humanities	4
HIST 052	John Muir and the Environmental Movement	3
HIST 080	Digital Narratives	4
INTL 077	Contemporary World Issues	3
POLS 031	Introduction to Law and Politics in the American Political System	4
POLS 041	U.S. Government and Politics	4
POLS 051	Introduction to International Relations	4
POLS 096A & POLS 096B	Political Science Civic Action Part A and Political Science Civic Action Part B	4
POLS 111	Introduction to Health Policy	4
RELI 134	World Religions	4
SOCI 041	Social Problems	4
SOCI 096A & SOCI 096B	Sociology Civic Action Part A and Sociology Civic Action Part B	4
SOCI 111	Environmental Health & Justice	4
Language & Narratives
CHIN 011A	First-Year Chinese, First Semester	4
CHIN 011B	First-Year Chinese, Second Semester	4
CLAS 051	Classical Mythology	4
COMM 027	Public Speaking	3
ENGL 025	English 25	4
ENGL 041	British Literature before 1800	4
ENGL 043	British Literature after 1800	4
ENGL 053	American Literature after 1865	4
ENGL 082	How English Works	4
ENGL 128	Science and Literature	4
ENGL 130	Digital Chaucer	4
ENGL 131	Shakespeare	4
ENGL 145	Diagnosis	4
ENGL 162	Asian American Literature	4
FREN 011A	First-Year French, First Semester	4
FREN 011B	First-Year French, Second Semester	4
FREN 051	French Literature in English	4
FREN 112	Civilisation Française A	4
GERM 011A	First-Year German, First Semester	4
GERM 011B	First-Year German, Second Semester	4
GERM 023	Intermediate German, Third Semester	4
GERM 025	Intermediate German, Fourth Semester	4
JAPN 011A	First-Year Japanese, First Semester	4
HIST 023	History of the Old Testament	4
HIST 025	The Earliest Christians	4
JAPN 011A	First-Year Japanese, First Semester	4
JAPN 011B	First-Year Japanese, Second Semester	4
JAPN 125	Advanced Japanese I	4
RELI 023	History of the Old Testament	4
RELI 025	The Earliest Christians	4
SLPA 051	Introduction to Communication Disorders	3
SLPA 053	Sign Language I	3
SPAN 011A	First-Year Spanish, First Semester	4
SPAN 011B	First-Year Spanish, Second Semester	4
SPAN 103	Introducción a la literatura hispánica	4
SPAN 116	Literature from the Margins	3
SPAN 119	Spanish for Health Professions	3
SPAN 133	Don Quijote	4
Quantitative Reasoning
COMP 025	Computers and Information Processing	4
COMP 041	Great Ideas in Computing	4
COMP 047	Discrete Math for Computer Science	4
COMP 051	Introduction to Computer Science	4
COMP 061	Introduction to Programming for Data Science	4
INTL 101	Social Science Research Methods	4
MATH 033	Elements of Calculus	4
MATH 035	Elementary Statistical Inference	3
MATH 037	Introduction to Statistics and Probability	4
MATH 041	Pre-calculus	4
MATH 045	Introduction to Finite Mathematics and Calculus	3
MATH 051	Calculus I	4
MATH 053	Calculus II	4
PHIL 037	Symbolic Logic	4
POLS 133	Political Science Research	4
Scientific Inquiry
BIOL 011	Human Anatomy and Physiology	4
BIOL 041	Introduction to Biology	4
BIOL 074	Biology of Insects	4
BIOL 079	California Flora	4
CHEM 015	Chemistry in Society	3
CHEM 023	Elements of Chemistry	4
CHEM 024	Fundamentals of Chem	4
CHEM 025	General Chemistry	5
GESC 043	Environmental Science for Informed Citizens	4
GESC 047	Introduction to Oceanography	4
GESC 051	Dynamic Planet	4
GESC 053	Earth and Life Through Time	4
GESC 057	Earth Systems Science	4
GESC 061	Geology of California	4
GESC 065	Regional Geology	4
HLTH 041	Health and Wellness for Life	4
HLTH 045	Nutrition for Health	4
HLTH 155	Motor Development and Learning	3
PHYS 017	Concepts of Physics	4
PHYS 023	General Physics I	5
PHYS 025	General Physics II	5
PHYS 039	Physics of Music	3
PHYS 041	Astronomy	4
PHYS 053	Principles of Physics I	5
PHYS 055	Principles of Physics II	5
SLPA 057	Hearing Health	3
Social Inquiry
COMM 031	Media, Culture, & Society	3
COMM 043	Introduction to Interpersonal Communication	3
COMM 143	Intercultural Communication	4
ECON 053	Introductory Microeconomics	4
ETHN 011	Introduction to Ethnic Studies	4
HIST 015	Global History of Sport	3
HIST 020	United States History I	4
HIST 021	United States History II	4
HIST 040	Colonialism in Latin America	4
HIST 041	Modern Latin America	4
HIST 063	History of Science and Technology	4
HIST 064	A History of Alcohol and Intoxicants	4
HIST 100	Renaissance and Reformation	4
HIST 111	Europe in Turmoil 1900-1945	4
HIST 120	Native American History	4
HIST 123	Civil War Era	4
HIST 132	American Immigration	4
HIST 133	Women in United States History	4
HIST 141	Imperial China	4
HIST 151	People's History of Mexico	4
HIST 167	Gender in the History of Science/Medicine/Technology	4
PHIL 015	Introduction to Cognitive Science	4
PHIL 061	Philosophy of Science	4
PHIL 079	Sensation and Perception	4
POLS 011	Introduction to Comparative Politics	4
PSYC 015	Introduction to Cognitive Science	4
PSYC 017	Abnormal and Clinical Psychology	4
PSYC 029	Developmental Psychology	4
PSYC 031	Introduction to Psychology	4
PSYC 079	Sensation and Perception	4
RELI 031	Jerusalem through the Ages	4
RELI 034	Introduction to Religion	4
SOCI 031	Deviant Behavior	4
SOCI 033	Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice	4
SOCI 051	Introduction to Sociology	4
SOCI 125	Sociology of Health and Illness	4
World Perspectives & Ethics
ANTH 053	Cultural Anthropology	3
ARTH 007	Survey of World Art to 1400	4
ARTH 009	Survey of World Art After 1400	4
ARTH 101	Design Thinking	4
ASIA 124	Society, Gender and Culture in East Asia	4
CHIN 023	Intermediate Chinese, Third Semester	4
CHIN 025	Intermediate Chinese, Fourth Semester	4
CHIN 125	Advanced Chinese I	4
ENGL 063	Masterpieces of World Literature	4
ENGL 141	Topics in British Literature Pre-1800	4
ENGL 144	Medival Women Readers and Writers	4
ENGR 030	Engineering and Computing Ethics in Society	3
FREN 023	Intermediate French, Third Semester	4
FREN 025	Intermediate French, Fourth Semester	4
HIST 010	Western Civilization I	4
HIST 011	Western Civilization II	4
HIST 030	Asian Civilizations	4
HIST 031	Modernity, Identity, and Global Culture in Modern East Asia	4
HIST 050	World History I	4
HIST 051	World History II	4
HIST 060	A History of Medicine	4
HIST 061	Global History of Food	4
HIST 062	History of Warfare	4
HIST 067	Jerusalem through the Ages	4
HIST 068	Comparative History of Monotheisms: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam	4
HIST 103	Pirates, Sailors & Smugglers at Sea	4
HIST 107	History of Ancient Egypt and the Near East	4
HIST 113	Global Europe from WWII to 9/11	4
HIST 135	Women in Time and Place	4
INTL 081	Perspectives on World History	3
JAPN 023	Intermediate Japanese, Third Semester	4
JAPN 025	Intermediate Japanese, Fourth Semester	4
MHIS 006	Music of the World's Peoples	3
PHIL 011	Introduction to Philosophy	4
PHIL 021	Moral Problems	4
PHIL 027	Fundamentals of Ethics	4
PHIL 035	Environmental Ethics	4
PHIL 044	Philosophy of Sex and Love	4
PHIL 053	Ancient Greek & Roman Philosophy	4
PHIL 055	Modern and Contemporary Philosophy	4
PHIL 124	God, Faith, and Reason	4
PHIL 126	Digital Well-Being	4
PHIL 127	Philosophy of Sport	4
PHIL 142	Business Ethics	4
PHIL 145	Biomedical Ethics	4
POLS 021	Introduction to Political Theory	4
POLS 130	Ancient to Medieval Political Theory	4
POLS 132	Modern to Contemporary Political Theory	4
POLS 134	American Political Thought	4
RELI 030	Comparative History of Monotheisms: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam	4
RELI 035	Judaism	4
RELI 043	Social Ethics	4
RELI 102	History of Ancient Egypt and the Near East	4
SPAN 023	Intermediate Spanish, Third Semester	4
SPAN 025	Intermediate Spanish, Fourth Semester	4